The PREPARATION of 
MISSIONARIES APPOINTED 
TO PAGAN AFRICA 


BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 
25 Madison Avenue, New York 


PRICE 10 CENTS 





BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


The Rev. James L. Barton, D.D. 
Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D.D. 
David Bovaird, Jr., M.D. 

Prof. O. E. Brown, D.D. 

Prof. Ernest DeWitt Burton, D.D. 
Miss Helen B. Calder 

Prof. Edward W. Capen, Ph.D. 
Prof. W. O. Carver, D.D. 


The Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D. 


The Rev. George Drach 

The Rev. James Endicott, D.D. 

The Rev. F. P. Haggard, D.D. 

Pres. Henry C. King, D.D. 

Prof. Walter L. Lingle, D.D. 

The Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. 
The Rev. R. P. Mackay, D.D. 

Pres. W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D. 


John R. Mott, LL.D. 

Bishop W. F. Oldham, D.D. 
Principal T. R. O’Meara, D.D. 
Pres. C. T. Paul, Ph.D. 

Prof. Henry B. Robins, Ph.D. 
Prof. G. A. Johnston Ross, M.A. 
Dean James E. Russell, LL.D. 
T. H. P. Sailer, Ph.D. 

Miss Una Saunders 

Prof. E. D. Soper, D.D. 

Robert E. Speer, D.D. 

Pres. J. Ross Stevenson, D.D. 
Fennell P. Turner 

Pres. Addie Grace Wardle, Ph.D. 
The Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D. 
Pres. Wilbert W. White, Ph.D. 
Pres. Mary E. Woolley, Litt.D. 


W. DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, Chairman 
FENNELL P. TURNER, Secretary 
WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, Treasurer 


REV. FRANK K. SANDERS, Ph.D., Director 
25 Madison Avenue, New York 


THE PREPARATION OF MISSIONARIES 
APPOINTED TO PAGAN AFRICA 


THE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY 
THE BOARD OF MISSIONARY. PREPARATION 


PrEsIDENT C. T. Paut, Ph.D., Chairman 
Proressor HARLAN P. Beacu, D.D. 
REVEREND FREDERICK B. BrIpGMAN 
REVEREND S. J. Corey 

REVEREND PAUL DE SCHWEINITZ, D.D. 
PRESIDENT Hotiis B. FRrissett, D.D. 
Mrs. L. B. Goon 

REvEREND A. W. Hatsey, D.D. 
REvEREND S. S. Houcu, D.D. 

REVEREND CHARLES E. Hurigpurt 
BisHop W. R. Lamsutu, D.D. 
PresIDENT W. W. Moore, D.D. 
REVEREND W. M. Morrison, D.D. 
REVEREND R. H. Nassau 

REVEREND CorneELIUuS H. Patron, D.D. 
PRESIDENT ADDIE GRACE WARDLE, Ph.D.. 
REVEREND CHARLES R. Watson, D.D. 


PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING 
IN NEW YORK, DECEMBER, 1914 


Board of Missionary Preparation 
25 Madison Ave., New York City 











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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SPECIAL 
PREPARATION NEEDED FOR MISSION- 
ARIES APPOINTED TO PAGAN AFRICA. 


The following report was prepared by a committee of the Board of 
Missionary Preparation of which President Charles T. Paul, Ph.D. of 
the College of Missions, Indianapolis, Indiana, was the chairman. The 
report was prepared in the first place after the most careful study of 
the printed results of missionary experience and of exploration of all 
kinds. After its presentation to the Board by the committee the report 
was reviewed by many specialists on matters relating to Africa, and by 
experienced missionaries at home. Disturbed conditions in the field 
prevented the wide-ranging submission of the report for criticism which 
is the custom of the Board with reference to each of its commission 
reports. It is confidently submitted, however, in the assurance that it 
represents the best available judgment of to-day. 


This report is based on an investigation of the present-day 
conditions and requirements of effective missionary service 
among the pagan peoples of Africa. It neither urges nor as- 
sumes the possibility of any one candidate realizing the ideal 
equipment which would presumably result from adequate 
pursuit of all the disciplines mentioned below. Special prep- 
aration for Pagan Africa does not imply an attempt to ex- 
haust the curriculum, but rather a discriminating program of 
self-development and study to be executed with thorough- 
ness and related to definite ends. Only the personal qual- 
ities recommended may be emphasized as essential to all; 
the courses of reading and study listed are purposely wide 
in their range, having in view the varying requirements 
of different classes of missionaries with respect to the whole 
Pagan African field. 


The committee suggests that each candidate, under the 
counsel of his mission Board, or persons competent to ad- 


3 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


vise him, work out his preparation according to such prin- 
ciples of selection and limitation as: 

(1) the candidate’s temperamental needs and aptitudes ; 

(2) considerations of age and time; 


(3) the probable nature of his future work; 
(4) the section of Africa in which he is to labor. 


DELIMITATION OF PAGAN AFRICA 

Pagan Africa properly includes all portions of the African 
continent and its adjacent islands, in which the indigenous 
heathenism has not been displaced or assimilated by either 
Christianity or Mohammedanism. Its main regional area 
begins near the southern limit of the Sudan, and, extending 
east and west from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic, sweeps 
southward nearly 2,000 miles, finally merging into the British 
colonies at the austral extremity of the sub-continent. Its 
latitudinal position is approximately between the 5th” N. and 
the 30th® S., although the northern boundary, determined by 
the contact between Mohammedanism and paganism, must 
be regarded as an irregular and shifting line which cannot 
be fixed with precision. 

Contiguous to the principal territory mentioned, i. e., 
reaching northward from the 5th® up the west coast as far 
as Sierra Leone, and extending in great loops into portions 
of the Central and Egyptian Sudan even beyond the 10th’®, 
touching in their extreme reaches the waters of Lake Chad 
and the western apex of Abyssinia, there are additional pagan 
areas still unconquered and but slightly affected by the south- 
ward marches of Islam. The Sudan United Mission reports 
that on the great plateau between the Nile and the Niger 
at least fifty pagan tribes are still intact, dwelling in moun- 
tain enclaves surrounded by Moslem-peopled plains. In the 
present survey these border territories and the western half 
of Madagascar are included, while deduction is made of the 
well-occupied Mohammedan spheres on the east coast from 
Somaliland to German East Africa and Zanzibar. 


4 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


The fact is not ignored that paganism, in its spirit and 
in some of its forms, exists almost everywhere beside, and 
is largely intermingled with the faith and practice of Mo- 
hammedanism, even in the northern lobe of the continent 
where that religion prevails; but, since preparation for 
Moslem lands is to be dealt with in a separate treatise, the 
present report will confine itself to the almost unbroken 
region of Pagan Africa as above outlined. It is an immense 
area of not less than 5,000,000 square miles, with a native 
pagan population very conservatively estimated at 65,000,000. 


A. THE QUALIFICATIONS SPECIALLY DESIRABLE IN 
MISSIONARIES TO PAGAN AFRICA 


Attention is called at the outset to certain qualities of per- 
sonality, including physical constitution, temperament, men- 
tal attitudes and spiritual graces, which are not only highly 
desirable but practically indispensable to success in this 
field. Without them the most elaborate educational acquire- 
ments would be futile. These personal characteristics can 
here best be indicated in connection with a brief statement 
of some of the special conditions with which the missionary 
to Pagan Africa is confronted. 

1. PHysicaL QUALIFICATIONS. Although almost the en- 
tire region, e.g., the portion parallel in latitude with South 
America between Panama and Paraguay, lies within the 
tropics, Pagan Africa offers considerable variety of climate. 
The mean annual temperature below the 5th® .N. to the 
Orange River in the South, is under 80° F.; but the varying 
degrees of moisture, rainfall and elevation in different sec- 
tions produce, even at the same latitude, very unequal heat 
conditions, which vitally affect the residence and work of the 
missionary. For instance, on the interior plateaus of the 
equatorial belt from French Congo to British East Africa 
one may enjoy cool nights and live in comparative comfort, 
while on the coastlands of this region both east and west 


5 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


the climate is exceedingly trying on account of surface de- 
pression and increased humidity. For similar reasons the 
average littoral temperature of Angola and of German East 
Africa is several degrees lower than that of Southern 
Uganda directly under the Equator. But in whatever sec- 
tion he may labor (except in the more temperate regions of 
the sub-tropical South), and with whatever alleviations of 
sea-breeze and elevation, the missionary will miss the ozone 
of North America. He will feel the power of the African 
sun, and will realize the importance of a physique that can 
offer due resistance to the depression and wear of the torrid 
zone. Moreover, all missionaries cannot live on the more 
salubrious altitude. The gospel must be preached on the 
blazing deserts, in the dank forests, on the flat river deltas, 
in the fetid marsh country, and on the pestilential coastlands, 
as well as on the heights. In the regions most unhealthful 
for white men, the Societies are using native workers as far 
as feasible. 


If tropical heat is one factor to be reckoned with, tropical 
disease is another. The West Coast has been called the 
white man’s grave. From Sierra Leone to Angola stretches 
the most prolific malaria bed in the world, although the 
East Coast from Italian Somaliland to Lorenzo Marques is 
a close second. Malarial fevers of various types not only 
abound on the coasts and in the great river basins, but are 
found in lesser degree in most other sections. Next to mal- 
aria, trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), to which the mis- 
sionary is just as liable as the native by the sting of the 
tse-tse fly, is regarded as Africa’s most menacing scourge. 
Yellow fever, globo-hematuric fever and certain “unclassi- 
fied” febrile disorders are endemic and occasionally epidemic, 
especially on the West Coast, in the Niger country and along 
the Congo. One is exposed, in some localities, also, to such 
loathsome diseases as yaws, craw-craw and even leprosy. 


In recent years much has been done through the applica- 
6 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


tion of modern methods of sanitation, and the development 
of preventive medicine to improve health conditions in Trop- 
ical Africa. The present-day missionary has the advantage 
not only of these improved conditions, but of the accumulated 
experience of his predecessors, many of whom by due care 
have rendered long periods of strenuous pioneer service, 
and have survived to vigorous old age. With wise attention 
to diet, rest, the sun, preventive hygiene, and, in some sec- 
tions, frequent furloughs, the future missionary, other things 
being equal, may thrive and labor effectively in this field. 
Sufficient, however, has been said to indicate that a sound 
bodily constitution with unimpaired health is an absolute 
foundation requirement in any candidate for Pagan Africa. 
Fresh and unanimous emphasis on this qualification has been 
placed by the Committee’s correspondents from all parts of 
the continent from Sierra Leone to Natal. The candidate 
should be able to pass a physical examination equal to that 
of a first-class insurance risk, at the hands of a physician ac- 
quainted with the conditions and effects of tropical climate. 
No one should undertake work in Pagan Africa who is pre- 
disposed to malaria, or who has had heat-stroke, or is over 
sensitive to the sun’s rays, or has weak nerves or heart, or 
is subject to rheumatism or alimentary disorders. “The san- 
guine temperament does well only for a time,” says Dr. Noble. 
Persons of fat or “stocky” build should hesitate. Referring 
to this type, Dr. R. H. Nassau, who spent 45 years in French 
Congo, says: “My observation of others in Africa was that 
the strongly-built oak broke, while the bending willow yielded 
and rose again.” Persons best suited are of lithe, athletic 
constitution. Young women are advised against going out 
before the age of 25. 


2. PERSONAL QUALITIES AND ATTITUDES. The social 
environment of the African missionary makes quite as exact- 
ing demands on other aspects of his personality as does the 
climate upon his physical organization. The whole atmos- 


7 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


phere and complexion of a savage or uncivilized community 
tends to bewilder, depress and irritate one who has been 
reared in the culture of a Christian land. It should be 
frankly stated that African paganism is heathenism on its 
most gigantic scale, and, in some tribes, at its lowest levels. 
“The bulk of the population is immersed in darkness.” The 
people exhibit the ignorance of childhood without its inno- 
cence. The missionary is surrounded by the stagnation and 
downward pull of arrested primitive conditions. All about 
him are crude institutions, revolting social customs, degrad- 
ing religious practices,—the signs of mental confusion, moral 
abasement and spiritual decline. In such an environment 
the missionary is expected not only to maintain his own 
integrity, but, in all that he does and is, in every expression 
he makes of himself, to be a living and leading example of the 
Christian life. Vast importance attaches, therefore, to his 
temperamental qualities, his characteristic attitudes of mind 
and heart, the spirit he manifests in all the relations he sus- 
tains to his missionary associates and to the natives. From 
the standpoint of his own happiness and effectiveness the 
matters here spoken of are of the gravest, importance. 


(1) Attitude toward the People-—Candidates for Pagan 
Africa should, in the first place, assure themselves of the 
ability and grace to devote themselves unselfishly and yearn- 
ingly to the uplift of peoples who from many points of view 
are not attractive. African pagans may not be as interesting 
or as congenial as Hindu Vedantists or Chinese literati, un- 
less one approach them with genuine Christian love, and that 
enthusiastic faith in their possibilities which leads to self- 
denying service. Such a sympathetic approach will not fail 
to reveal points of attractiveness. Any manifestation of 
color prejudice or race antipathy would be fatal to the mis- 
sionary’s influence. The Africans are quick to detect this, if 
it exists, and to recoil from it when they discover it. 


(2) Cheerfulness——This characteristic is much praised 
8 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


in communications from many corners of the Dark Continent 
as the best tonic against depression. Dyspeptics and hypo- 
chondriacs are not needed. The missionary is an apostle of 
joy and gladness; he should add no shadow to Africa’s gloom. 
A veteran authority insists that “‘a cheerful, vivacious dis- 
position is a sine qua non.” With respect to this quality other 
correspondents describe the ideal missionary as follows: 
“good natured,” “good tempered,” “sunny,” “sanguine,” 
“happy,” “not easily depressed,” “able to see the humorous,” 
“looking for the best in the African.” 

(3) Humuility.—A pioneer in Congo Belge advises that 
no one go out to Africa “with the thought that he is going to 
be a great man.” It is better to let greatness take care of 
itself. Willingness to serve wherever one is needed, and abil- 
ity to work harmoniously with others, in honor preferring 
one’s associates, are two elements in missionary “greatness.” 
The young appointee should arrive on the field as a learner. 
He should highly prize and repeatedly consult the expe- 
rience of the older missionaries. 


(4) Perseverance and Patience.—A factor in the general 
depression of the social environment is the isolation of the 
missionary, especially in districts where pioneer work is being 
done. Absolutely essential for endurance and helpful labor 
is such a strong resourceful spiritual life, developed through 
vital contact with divine forces, as shall make one less and 
less reliant on the religious supports and stimuli to which 
one has been accustomed in Christian countries. A patient 
and forbearing spirit is a signal requirement in dealing with 
primitive peoples, who are much like children. Although the 
missionary successes among African pagans are, on the 
whole, very heartening, and results come quickly as com- 
pared with other fields, yet Africa candidates should prepare 
themselves for the possibility of enduring loneliness, of adapt- 
ing themselves uncomplainingly to emergent and unpleasant 
situations, and of persevering often in the absence of encour- 


9 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


agements and in the presence of many positive discourage- 
ments. 


(5) Additional Character Hints—The following quota- 
tions from the Committee’s African correspondence indicate 
further desirable characteristics. The missionary should be 
“calm,” “cool,” ‘“‘steady,” “phlegmatic rather than nervous,” 
“of even disposition,” “not contentious,” “genial,” “kindly,” 
“sympathetic,” “enthusiastic,” “frank,” “adaptable,” “defin- 
ite,’ “dependable,” “of strong convictions,” “gentlemanly,” 
“of unimpeachable integrity,” “unswerving in Christian prin- 
ciples,’ “of character as near Dr. Livingston as possible,” 
“Christ-like.” 


3. Lincuistic AsiLity. Of the 843 languages and dialects 
spoken on the continent about 400 flourish in Pagan Africa 


as herein delimited, or, say, south of the 10th° N. These 
include about 60 of the Sudanese group which differ widely 
from each other. Some of them are exceedingly difficult for 
foreigners, as, for example, the Ewe language of Togo with 
its elusive idiom, or the Nupé tongue of Northern Nigeria 
with its nine-toned vocables that sound like guitar twangs. 
In addition to these not less than 300 known Bantu languages 
and dialects without either affinity or analogy with the Nig- 
ritian family, are found from Kamerun to Zululand. There 
are also, in the north, border languages of various composi- 
tion, principally Nigritian (Nilotic or Sudanese) mixed with 
Bantu; and, in the south, the Hottentot dialects with their 
peculiar clicking sounds. Since it is with the Bantu group 
that most American missionaries to Pagan Africa are likely 
to deal, be it said that Bantu is easy as compared with the 
Nigritian tongues of the Sudan, or with almost any European 
language of the Aryan group. Its grammar is regular, and, 
although there are so many dialects, it is easy to pass from 
one to another, once its principles of agglutination, inflection 
by prefix, and its laws of phonetic change have been mastered. 
If, for example, one has acquired Swahili, the lingua franca 


10 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


of eastern equatorial Africa between the coast and the great 
lakes, it would not be difficult, by noting vocabulary varia- 
tions, to acquire other languages topographically as far dis- 
tant from it and from each other as Mpongwe spoken in the 
Gabun estuary, Batonga in the Zambesi basin, or even 
Ovampo in Damaraland. Some missionaries are required to 
learn more than one language, as for example, Ewe and 
Hausa on the Gold Coast; and in some pure Bantu fields a 
knowledge of several dialects is essential. Candidates for 
Africa, therefore, must possess good linguistic aptitude, espe- 
cially the ability to acquire the spoken language. This must 
be done in some cases without grammars, lexicons, or other 
text-books. Nor can much be expected from native instruc- 
tors. A quick ear, a ready tongue, a retentive memory, a 
knowledge of phonetic principles, and an acquaintance with 
methods of language study and acquisition are requisite. 
Many African languages yet remain not only to be acquired, 
but to be reduced to writing and made the vehicles of Chris- 
tian culture. 


4, PoLiTIcAL INTEREST. Special problems for the mission- 
ary arise out of Africa’s political relationships. The conti- 
nent has been so partitioned among the European powers that 
less than one twentieth remains unincluded in the various 
protectorates and colonial “spheres.”’ The entire pagan sec- 
tion is under the control, actual or projected, of Great Britain, 
Belgium, Germany, Portugal, France and Spain, with their 
various ideals and methods of governing the native races and 
developing the country. Doubtless much has been done for 
-the benefit and uplift of the natives by the exploitation of the 
natural resources and the cultivation of commerce. Yet con- 
flicts have arisen, and are likely in the future to increase, be- 
tween the native and administrative interests, from which 
it seems impossible that the missionary, devoting himself to 
the highest good of the people, can hold himself aloof. With 
proper wisdom and right method, he may help to solve many 


11 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


a difficult situation, retaining the confidence and gratitude 
alike of the natives and the government officials. To be of 
service in this regard, in fact, to avoid mistakes which might 
bring serious disabilities upon his mission, he should make 
himself fully acquainted with the commercial and govern- 
mental aspects of the colony in which he labors. 


5. PIONEER QUALITIES. According to the Edinburgh Re- 
port about 35,000,000 of the 65,000,000 within the pagan area 
are utterly beyond the reach of the present distribution and 
operation of Protestant missions. In almost every section 
of the country there are great unoccupied fields. One of them, 
including portions of East Central and West Central Africa, 
embraces hundreds of thousands of square miles. In the 
Belgian Congo alone, it is estimated, there are 60 blocks of 
country, with an average area each of 10,000 square miles, 
without a Protestant missionary. In the French Congo and 
in Kamerun, there are 10,000,000 unevangelized souls, and 
about 6,000,000 in the regions touching Lake Nyasa. Pagan 
Africa, therefore, calls for more missionaries of the pioneer 
type. Upon candidates now preparing for their life work 
will devolve, in large measure, the task of establishing Chris- 
tianity in territory now unoccupied. This task is a challenge 
to men and women possessing in extraordinary degree the 
qualities of courage, initiative, resourcefulness, leadership 
and dauntless faith, as well as the practical all-round equip- 
ment that can beat new paths through the jungle and estab- 
lish relations with new tribes. It is urged that the desire to 
do pioneer work should not make the candidate apne to 
serve in the older stations of his mission. 

6. VERSATILITY. In no other part of the Sond do mis- 
sions face a more immense and complex task than in Pagan 
Africa. It is not simply a question of preaching the gospel 
and establishing churches. It is nothing less than the build- 
ing of an African Christian civilization from the ground up. 
There are here no foundations of culture, no ethics or litera- 


12 


_ 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


ture, on which Christianity can build as in countries like In- 
dia, China and Japan. The domestic life, social system, 
industrial methods, mental outlook, religion,—everything,— 
needs radical change and redemption. There is not a single 
tribe in Pagan Africa with an indigenous literature or even 
an alphabet of its own. Colonization may contribute a 
veneer of civilization. Evangelization in its widest sense, 
the application of Christianity to the purification and develop- 
ment of all sides of life,—this alone can raise Africa from the 
depths of inertia and semi-barbarism; and to this many-sided 
work the missionary is called. Specialists of many kinds are 
needed. Professor Beach says: “This is pre-eminently the 
field for the versatile missionary with special gifts in prac- 
tical directions.” 


B. Courses oF StupY FOR CANDIDATES 


This report would fain help to dissipate the supposition, in 
so far as it may still exist, that since the African peoples are 
of inferior culture, therefore missionaries of inferior culture 
will suffice. Rather, “it takes the highest to lift the lowest.” 
Dr. Stewart of Lovedale says: “Complete and thoroughly 
trained fitness for work is not merely the tendency, but the 
absolute demand for the present day.’’ No disparaging re- 
flection is here cast upon the good work accomplished, and 
still being done, by those who have not been academically 
trained; but it is now unquestionably the consensus of judg- 
ment among the missionaries themselves that the prelim- 
inary preparation of future missionaries to Pagan Africa 
should be no less broad and thorough than that demanded for 
more cultured fields like Japan or India. This report urges 
that the interpreters and mediators to pagan peoples of the 
Christian faith and life, the builders of a Christian civiliza- 
tion on heathen soil, and in face of an encroaching counter 
civilization of inferior order, but of subtle power, must be 


13 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


men and women of the strongest intellectual caliber and ac- 
quirements. 

All candidates for this field who expect to qualify as evan- 
gelists, teachers, nurses and physicians should take a college 
or university course as a foundation. A possible exception 
may be made of one preparing specially for industrial work 
or engineering, and who has secured discipline and skill in 
the prosecution of his technical training. But even he would 
find his ability and influence multiplied by a general college 
course. A Board secretary of wide experience in African 
missions says: “The places are few in Africa which can be 
filled by men lacking college education.” 

1. IMPORTANT UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES. While neg- 
lecting none of the required work in the college or university 
course, students contemplating service in Africa, would do 
well to regard the following subjects of particular value. 
They should specialize in these, or at least some of them, so 
far as time and the undergraduate elective system will permit. 


Group I Group II Group III 
Biblical Literature Sociology Ancient History (especially 
Biblical History Psychology Egypt) 
Comparative Religion Pedagogy Politics and Government 
(especially primi- Philosophy | Economics 
tive religion and Modern Languages 
Mohammedanism) (English, French, German) 
History of Civiliza- Greek (for men who expect to 
tion take a theological course) 


2. CouRSES IN SEMINARY OR BIBLE COLLEGE. An in- 
creasing number of candidates for Pagan Africa should be 
encouraged to take a full theological course, after gradua- 
tion in arts in college or university. Men of broad religious 
education and sound biblical scholarship are needed (a) to 
become effective evangelists and preachers, (b) to organize 
and develop native churches, (c) to inspire and train native 
evangelists, (d) to found and foster theological seminaries 
or Bible schools for the native ministry, (e) to give instruc- 


14 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


tion in such institutions, (f) to lead in the social application 
of Christianity to tribal life, (g) to translate the Scriptures 
into new, vernaculars and to provide suitable Christian litera- 
ture for the native Christian community. The following 
courses usually offered in the North American Theological 
Seminary or Bible College are set down, not to the disparage- 
ment of others omitted from the list, but as bearing very di- 
rectly on the equipment of the Christian teacher. 


Group I Group II 


The English Bible New Testament Greek 
New Testament Introduction 


The Gospels Es Group II 

Old Testament Introduction Christian Doctrine 

Biblical Sociology Apologetics 

Church History Church History ; 
(especially the social teachings (especially the early period) 
of Jesus) Philosophy of Religion 

Religious Education Practical Theology 


Public Speaking 

The value of a clear, comprehensive and usable knowledge 
of the contents of the English Bible, and of the fundamentals 
of Christianity cannot be too strongly stressed. Special study 
of the proverbs of the Old Testament and of the parables of 
the New is recommended. The African mind responds most 
readily to teaching put in proverbial, epigrammatic and al- 
legorical forms. 

3. BrspiicaL Lancuaces. Notwithstanding the lessen- 
ing emphasis in some American seminaries on the original 
Biblical tongues, there are two special reasons, apart from 
their acknowledged private value to the Bible student and 
teacher, why both Greek and Hebrew are included here: 
(1) the well trained theological man, especially if he enters 
new territory in Africa, is almost certain to be called on to 
do Bible translation work, in which case acquaintance with 
these languages is indispensable; (2) Hebrew, as Dr. Nassau 
has pointed out, is an excellent propzedeutic to the study of 
Bantu. There are helpful analogies between Semitic and 
Bantu structure. 


15 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


4. EpINBURGH RECOMMENDATIONS. There is one group 
of studies which require special emphasis as bearing more 
intimate relation to the missionary’s task than any others, 
except Bible studies. They are those recommended by Com- 
mission V of the Edinburgh Report as fundamentally neces- 
sary for all fields. Some of them have already been men- 
tioned above in the list of undergraduate or theological sub- 
jects. But the entire list is here given with the suggestion 
that such of them as the candidate has not taken in regular 
course he should not fail to pursue, either as graduate work, 
or privately. Phonetics should be taken under a well quali- 
fied instructor. 


Group I Group II 
Sociology The Science of Missions 
Pedagogy The History of Missions 
Religions of the World Phonetics 


5. STUDIES SPECIALLY RELATING To AFRICA AND ITS 
Missions. This section suggests studies designed to intro- 
duce candidates more intimately to the real life and problems 
of Pagan Africa, to some acquaintance with the land and 
people, and to the history and status of African missions. 
Academic instruction is not obtainable on all of these sub- 
jects in the form recommended, although some are offered as 
graduate courses in universities, and still others in special 
missionary training institutions. In any case they consti- 
tute ample and important themes for private reading and 
study, which candidates cannot too early begin, and which 
they can continue on the field with increasing profit and de- 
light. The appended bibliography indicates authorities and 
sources. 

(1) African Geography.—‘We must bear Africa in our 
eye,” says Ratzel, “if we would understand the Africans.” 
From a good map with descriptive text the candidate should 
acquaint himself with his prospective country,—its Jeru- 
salem, its Judea, its Samaria, and even its uttermost parts: 


16 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


No land is more fascinating than Africa in the picturesque 
variety of its physical features. Few lands have greater re- 
sources and economic possibilities. Familiarity should be 
sought with its territorial divisions, natural and political, its 
river systems, coastlands, deserts, lakes, forests, plateaus with 
their climatic and health conditions. Detailed study, of 
course, will be given to the candidate’s own field and its con- 
tiguous environs. The effect of geographical conditions on 
culture should be investigated and especially the natural 
forces which have checked the progress of the Africans. 
Practice in drawing maps from memory and observation will 
fix localities in the mind and can be turned to profitable ac- 
count later on the field. 


(2) African Ethnology and Ethnography.—Who are the 
Pagan Africans? What are their antecedents, kinships and 
characteristics? The candidate’s imagination will be quick- 
ened and his interest in the people clarified, by acquainting 
himself with the best narrative and descriptive literature 
concerning them. As Pagan Africa has no native historical 
records, the best introductory knowledge of its peoples is 
supplied in the above named subjects, ethnology dealing with 
the origins, distribution and classification of races, ethnogra- 
phy describing their characteristics. Almost any treatise or 
course on anthropology, ethnology or ethnography has con- 
siderable material on Africa, which is par excellence the con- 
tinent of tribes. Candidates in general will give special at- 
tention to the great Bantu family. Those contemplating 
northern fields will be interested in the Sudanese border 
tribes, while others looking to South Africa will not neglect 
the non-Bantu Bushmen and Hottentots. Acquaintance 
should be sought also with the Negrilloes or Pygmies. A 
visit to a museum like that of the Smithsonian Institution at 
Washington would afford valuable illustrative material. 

(3) Sociology of Primitive Peoples—Closely related to 
the foregoing is the more intensive study of the social life of 


17 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


non-civilized peoples. As an introduction the Africa candi- 
date should consult the interpretations that have been given 
of the structure, institutions, customs and ruling ideas of 
African society. Practices in tribal government, slavery, 
polygamy, and “secret societies” should be inquired into. 
Women candidates will investigate especially the status of 
African women and children. This study should not lead 
one to dogmatic conclusions. It should simply open the mind 
to an appreciative and sympathetic attitude preparatory to 
first hand study of such matters after one reaches the field. 





(4) Primitive Religion—Any course on Comparative 
Religion or the History of Religion has a section dealing with 
primitive and tribal cults. For Pagan Africa this branch of 
the study should be more extended. Candidates should ac- 
quaint themselves with the main features of African ani- 
mism, fetishism, and ancestor-worship, and with the related 
subjects of magic and witchcraft. The status and function 
of the African witch-doctor is a subject for special inquiry, 
as is also the belief, more or less shadowy, in a Supreme 
Being, found among many tribes. In studying pagan re- 
ligion from books the candidate is warned, as in the preced- 
ing section, not to conceive prejudices which may hamper 
him in more original and independent observation, which it 
is desirable he should undertake on the field, in close contact 
with the people to whom he is to minister. The “book of the 
African soul” is not yet fully read or understood. The mis- 
sionary should study it diligently, if he would discover how 
most effectively to present Christian truth. 

(5) Mohammedanism.—Especially candidates preparing 
for fields on the East coast and along the south Sudanese 
border from Uganda to Sierra Leone,—regions in which the 
immediate pressure of the Moslem advance constitutes one 
of the gravest situations in the missionary world,—should 
not omit from their preparation some knowledge of Moham- 
medanism. One may go further and say that this knowledge 


18 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


is important for every missionary to Pagan Africa, since the 
religion of the Crescent has penetrated many interior parts 
of the central and southern sub-continent, threatening by its 
tremendous onsweep to absorb the animistic populations, and 
even, in some sections, to drive Christianity from its estab- 
lished centers. One mission reports: “‘On the Gold Coast 
where once a Christian chapel stood and a Christian congre- 
gation worshipped, a Mohammedan priest, who was formerly 
a Christian evangelist, has built a mosque and gathered a 
Mohammedan congregation from among those who were 
Christians.”’ The probability is that every future missionary 
to the heathen tribes of Africa will come face to face with 
this counter propaganda. . In the words of the Edinburgh 
Report, the inevitable result of this diffusion of Islam, un- 
less it is stayed, will be that “the Christian missionary enter- 
prise will year by year become more difficult.”” The neces- 
sary studies will embrace a knowledge of the rise and prog- 
ress of Mohammedanism, the growth of its tradition, its 
sacred books—the Koran, and especially the modern Islamic 
movement in Africa. Acquaintance should be had with the 
methods and agents of the advance in Africa, and with the 
Christian methods being considered or adopted to check it. 


(6) History of African Exploration and Colomzation.— 
It is important to know the facts of the historical contact’ be- 
tween Africa and Europe, especially during the modern 
period of discovery, exploration and colonization. The story 
from the days of the Portuguese navigators of the 15th cen- 
tury to the exploits of Livingstone, Stanley and Coillard, is 
a thrilling as well as a most informing one. Every candidate 
should read especially the literature relating to the explora- 
tion and discovery of Central Africa, say from 1830 onward, 
and should be versed in the history of the European coloniza- 
tion of the southern half of the continent. The travels 
should be read of Mungo Park, Krapf, Burton, Speke, Baker, 
Schweinfurth, Bowditch (on Portuguese exploration), Du 


19 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Chaillu, Mary Kingsley, Livingstone, Coillard, Stanley and 
others listed in the bibliography. At least one good work on 
the general history of African colonization should be 
mastered. 


(7) History of African Missions.—A knowledge of the 
missionary history relating to Pagan Africa and to the conti- 
nent in general is important, to enable the candidate to appre- 
ciate the whole problem of African evangelization, and to re- 
late his own service intelligently to the general propaganda. 
He should know of the past successes and failures, and the 
present status of mission work. He should appreciate also 
something of the magnitude of the unaccomplished task in 
Pagan Africa. He should make himself specially conversant 
with the special field and activities of his own Board. In de- 
fault of a good course on the history of African missions, 
such as is given in some special institutions, he should master 
at least one good text-book on the subject, and also read the 
section on Africa in Volume I of the Edinburgh Report. 


(8) Lives of Missionary Pioneers——The most fascinat- 
ing missionary history regarding Pagan Africa is available in 
the biographies of the pioneers and eminent leaders. These 
should be read for their inspirational as well as their prac- 
tical value. Note should be taken of the spiritual motive and 
power which have marked pioneer achievement. The list 
could be an extended one. The following are specially 
recommended: Lives of Krapf, Robert and Mary Moffat, 
David and Mary Livingstone, M. and Mme. Coillard, George 
Grenfell, Pilkington, Hannington, Mackay, John Mackenzie, 
A. C. Good, J. Tyler, Anne Hinderer. 


6. FURTHER PROCESSES IN EQUIPMENT. Preparation in 
the following studies and experiences is urged from the 
standpoint of personal efficiency, and the actual demands of 
the work almost everywhere in Pagan Africa. 


(1) Government Languages.—Correspondents without 
20 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


exception recommend candidates, before they come to Africa, 
to acquire the government language of the colony or protec- 
torate in which they aretolabor. In the case of Liberia and 
all the British spheres where English is the state language, 
this requirement is, of course, normally met by missionaries 
from America. But for service in the German possessions 
(Togo, Kamerun, German South West Africa and German 
East Africa) a working knowledge of German is highly de- 
sirable, and, by the missionaries now in these colonies, is re- 
garded in future preparation as too important to be omitted. 
The same is true as regards French in the French and Bel- 
gian Congo and in Madagascar, and Portuguese in Angola 
and Portuguese East Africa. The desideratum is not simply 
a reading knowledge of the language, but the ability also to 
use it in speaking and writing and, if necessary, to teach it. 
The reasons urged are that such ability adds to the mission- 
ary’s prestige in the eyes of both the government, and the 
natives (some of whom themselves acquire it) ; that it enables 
the missionary to be useful in dealings between the govern- 
ment and the natives; that it tends to establish harmonious 
relations between the government and the missions; and, 
finally, that it is absolutely necessary in the founding of 
schools in which the government language as well as the ver- 
nacular must be taught. A very advantageous service open 
to the missionary, especially in the French and German areas, 
is the preparation in the government language of primers, 
grammars and other text-books for the study of the ver- 
naculars. 

Facilities exist in America (in some universities and in 
language schools in the larger cities) for the acquirement of 
conversational fluency in French and German, in addition to 
the usual instruction through grammar and translation; but 
opportunities for Portuguese are limited. 

(2) Phonetics—Mention should be made of the value of 
acquiring a speaking knowledge of French or German, in its 


Pon 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


helpful bearings on the later acquirement of the African 
vernacular. Practical mastery of a foreign European tongue 
is both a test and a prophecy of the candidate’s linguistic 
aptitude. Under ordinary circumstances, a person who has 
learned to express himself freely and correctly in one for- 
eign language can the more easily acquire another. As a 
valuable auxiliary in the matter of pronunciation, a good 
course in phonetics is recommended. With a scientific 
knowledge of the physiological conditions and acoustic 
qualities of speech sounds, acquaintance with the laws of pho- 
netic change in related dialects, and at least one foreign lan- 
guage already in usable possession, the candidate will be well 
equipped for the study of Bantu. 

(3) Medical Knowledge—‘All missionaries to Pagan 
Africa should have some training in medicine and first aid 
to the injured.” So writes a missionary from Rhodesia. A 
similar view is expressed from most parts of Pagan Africa. 
Sufficient knowledge of preventive medicine, personal hy- 
giene and sanitary science is requisite for the care of one’s 
own health in a tropical country. The ability to render medi- 
cal aid for the simpler ills and accidents is a valuable asset. 
It facilitates the evangelistic approach, relieves distress, wins 
friends, and meets emergencies when no physician or nurse 
is accessible. The evangelist meets sickness when a hun- 
dred miles away froma doctor. It is well if he can help. In 
some stations there is no resident physician. Some Boards 
require candidates to take a year in tropical medicine, hy- 
giene and minor surgery. A knowledge of simple dentistry 
is valuable. The possession of useful elementary knowledge 
should guard one against attempting what only a regular 
physician should undertake. 

(4) Industrial A bility.—Since a large portion of mission- 


ary effort in Africa is necessarily along industrial lines, any 
knowledge or experience in handicraft, in constructive or 
productive industry of any sort, can be turned to valuable ac- 


om 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


count. Many missionaries insist that every candidate should 
be encouraged to secure skill in some practical line, so that 
he may help the natives to a higher plane of industrial life. 
The following are mentioned as specially useful: horticul- 
ture (everywhere) ; dry-farming (especially in treeless dis- 
tricts where the rainfall is short) ; drainage, including tile- 
making (in the Congo basin and elsewhere in the lowlands) ; 
well-digging and boring (in arid districts, for irrigation, 
stock-watering and drinking purposes); masonry (Africa, 
especially in the South, is a land of stones) ; brick-making, 
brick-laying, milling, blacksmithing, carpentry, cabinet-mak- 
ing. Telegraphy will be of great use during the next few 
years in Belgian Congo, and also plumbing in Liberia. Print- 
ing is of never-failing value in all sections. Guidance is 
needed, one missionary writes, “‘to develop the incipient 
trades of the natives into larger sources of wealth,” viz., pot- 
tery, basketry, blacksmithing, weaving and the like.” 


(5) Other Practical Subjects Bookkeeping is a prac- 
tical requirement. Photography is useful as a recreation, 
and still more as an aid to interpreting mission work to the 
home constituency. Music, with tonic solfa notation, is re- 
garded as very important. The ability to play a small organ 
or other instrument is of very great value in evangelistic 
work. 

(6) For Women Candidates.—It is taken for granted 
throughout this report that regular women missionaries will 
require substantially the same general preparation as men. 
They will find it advantageous also to be well equipped in the 
following: music, kindergarten and Montessori methods, do- 
mestic science, including dietetics, practical cooking and sew- 
ing (particularly dressmaking), and pattern-cutting. 

(7) . Experience in Christian Work.—For all who expect 
to be evangelists and teachers, successful experience in evan- 
gelistic and educational work at home will be presumptive of 
success in Africa. The ability to win men and women per- 


23 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


sonally to Christ is the most coveted gift. Experience in 
social uplift work, and general city mission work is com- 
mended. 


The massing of native workmen by the hundreds of thou- 
sands at mining centres like Johannesburg and Kimberley 
and in the coast cities of South Africa presents a problem as 
difficult as it is opportune. The task of the missionary at 
these centres is highly complex. It is a problem of quick 
evangelization, since the natives remain for only a few 
months or years; and of social uplift and salvation, since the 
new environment, changed habits of life, together with the 
strange temptations and generally demoralizing conditions, 
tend to drag down the native to a depth even lower than his 
present pagan condition. Candidates expecting to work in 
these industrial centres should have, if possible, special train- 
ing in city philanthropy, and in the methods of the best or- 
ganized city mission churches and evangelistic halls. 


(8) Special Equipment of Medical Missionaries and 
Nurses.—The medical missionary, in addition to a prepara- 
tory college course, should be a graduate in medicine from a 
first-class medical college. Since every physician in Africa 
must be his own surgeon, expertness in general surgery is 
indispensable. An interneship of at least one year in a hos- 
pital after graduation is an invaluable experience. Special- 
ization in tropical diseases is an absolute requisite. A post- 
graduate course in this department in one of the American, 
British or continental schools of tropical medicine should be 
definitely planned, and taken before going to the field. Very 
special attention should be given to the fevers, and skin dis- 
eases which especially afflict Africa and to “sleeping sick- 
ness,” which is making great ravage in some parts, especially 
in Belgian Congo. Every medical man is advised to know 
something of horticulture and irrigation and to be able to 
superintend the erection of a building. Any skill in carpentry 
is especially valuable. | 


24 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Nurses for Africa should, as a rule, have broader profes- 
sional training, even, than is usual for work in America, since 
more is expected of them. Competence in obstetrics, diseases 
of women, and minor surgery is desirable. Ability to teach 
is important. The nurse is specially looked to by African 
women for instruction as well as treatment in physical mat- 
ters. Both physicians and nurses should have at least a good 
knowledge of the English Bible, and also, of the subjects 
above mentioned in B. 4, and should perform all their work 
in the true evangelistic spirit. (See Third Report of the 
Board of Missionary Preparation, pp. 86-105 for fuller sug- 
gestions. ) 


(9) Special Equipment of Industrial Missionaries.— 
Mention has been made of the desirability of every candidate 
acquiring skill in some trade or branch of practical industry. 
In addition to this, Africa needs men specially trained for, 
and giving most of their time to, industrial work. Indus- 
trial development, the heightening of the entire plane of 
Pagan African life, is regarded as an integral part of the 
creation of a Christian community. Specialists are needed 
in agriculture, mechanics, printing, building, cabinet-making, 
book-binding, and various other trades. For this service 
graduates of the best agricultural colleges and technical 
schools are sought by some Boards. The achievements of 
Lovedale, Livingstonia, Uganda and Tiger Kloof exhibit the 
relation between industrial development and evangelization. 
Catholic missions have received marked impetus from the ex- 
cellent industrial centres of the Belgian fréres. Men set 
apart for industrial work, and even engineers called to oper- 
ate mission steamers on the rivers, should have some training 
in such missionary subjects as those recommended by Com- 
mision V of the Edinburgh Report, and a good knowledge 
of the English Bible. In cases, where a college course is 
impossible, a year in a special institution for missionary 
training is desirable. 


25 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


(10) Special Equipment of Educational Missionaries.— 
Educational work in Pagan Africa is, in many parts, yet in 
the elementary stage, or barely emerging from it. Yet with 
the general development of Christian communities the day of 
higher education is dawning, and in some fields has arrived. 
There will be increasing demand for well-qualified teachers, 
whose equipment will need to be not less than that recom- 
mended in the special report on the preparation of educa- 
tional missionaries in the Third Report of the Board of Mis- 
sionary Preparation, pp. 50-85. 


C. STUDIES FOR MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD 


In offering suggestions for studies on the field, this report 
recognizes the practical difficulty of securing time for such 
systematic reading and self-development as most mission- 
aries would like to pursue. The many-sided demands of the 
work in Pagan Africa, especially in the newer stations where 
almost every one must give full play to whatever versatility 
of service he may possess, make adherence to a cultural pro- 
gram, in many cases, impossible. Yet it is the ideal of the 
busiest missionaries to seek such adjustments as will permit 
them to attend more adequately to such disciplines as are 
vital to their own growth and efficiency, and to the growing 
exigencies of mission work. Mission Boards will probably 
give more attention than formerly to a policy covering the 
whole question of the missionary’s personal educational in- 
terests on the field. 


1, Frrst YEAR STUDIES 

(1) The Native Language.—Unquestionably the princi- 
pal task of the new missionary on reaching the field is the ac- 
quirement of its vernacular. Though this is recognized with 
unvarying unanimity by all Boards and Societies at work in 
Pagan Africa, there is at present considerable diversity of 
procedure as regards actual provision for language study. 
In some sections the facilities are felt to be quite insufficient 


26 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


and unsatisfactory. The multiplicity and diversity of dia- 
lects, the vast areas over which the missions are scattered, 
the difficulties of travel, the wide distances often between the 
stations of the same mission, the lack of instructors who can 
be permanently released for such work—all combine to 
render difficult the establishment of co-operative, centralized 
language schools, such as those which now exist in China and 
Japan. So far as the inquiries preceding this report could 
ascertain, there is no serious agitation of such an institution 
anywhere in Pagan Africa, though some missionaries con- 
template it as a future possibility in the more compact Bantu 
areas. 


With little uniformity as to time and requirements, as one 
looks over the whole field with its varying conditions, the 
study of the language is at present carried on under the in- 
struction or supervision of an elder missionary or a native 
competent to teach it. Most missions have outlined a definite 
course covering periods varying from eighteen months to 
three years. The general ideal seems to be to leave the young 
missionary especially free for language work during the first 
year, at the close of which an examination is given. The de- 
mands and responsibilities of the work accumulate so rapidly 
that the young missionary should take every advantage of 
this first year, following the prescribed courses under an older 
missionary or native teacher, and supplementing them by all 
possible conversational contact with the people. With a 
knowledge of phonetic principles and previous experience in 
language acquisition, much can be done in the first year with 
Bantu which, fortunately, makes no such demands on the 
American intellect as more complicated languages like Rus- 
sian or Chinese. The alert person should acquire a fluent 
use of Bantu, so that he can preach acceptably in it, within 
two years. Dr. Nassau mastered it fully in that period in 
the days when there were neither grammars nor teachers. 


an 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


A fair working knowledge of an African dialect has in some 
cases been gained in less than a year. 

(2) First Impressions.—In connection with the first year 
of language work the new missionary may profitably remain 
in the interrogative mood, learning all he can from the older 
and more experienced workers, and studying the various 
phases of his new environment. He should covet and seek 
to establish the most cordial relations with his associates, and 
make friends of the natives. The note-book habit of record- 
ing impressions while they are fresh is of great value. Write 
down descriptions of interesting scenes and events. Let 
photography be a recreation. Notes and pictures can later 
be worked up into useful articles for the church papers or 
missionary magazines at home. 


2. LATER FIELD STUDIES 

(1) Studies in Local Religion and Society.—The mission- 
ary well conversant with the native language is in a position, 
such as no passing scientist or traveller can enjoy, of making 
a first hand study of the religious life and social practices of 
the people whom he has learned to call his own. Once the 
natives have come to regard him as their friend they become 
communicative and show willingness to co-operate with him 
in any object of his interest. The advantageous relation 
which the missionary may establish as a basis for study of 
his people is well illustrated in what is said by a Rhodesian 
missionary concerning Henri A. Junod, the missionary 
author of the “Life of a South African Tribe,’—“an inten- 
sive study carried out in close contact with the natives, the 
author enjoying the greatest confidence of his informants.”’ 

Candidates who have taken the recommended introductory 
courses in such matters, to be obtained from books or lec- 
tures in the home land, will naturally be interested in this 
more intensive study on the field. It is not urged primarily 
from the scientific viewpoint, but chiefly because of its pos- 
sible contribution to the better understanding of those whom | 


28 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


the missionary seeks to reach with the gospel. From such 
study a vast fund of literature may result, of incalculable 
value to African missions. 

(2) Folklore—As a key to the African mind and an aid 
to that desirable accomplishment of “thinking black,” the 
study of tribal folklore is of recognized importance. Evan- 
gelists testify of its great value in their preaching. Every 
missionary has it within his power to make an original col- 
lection of the rhymes and tales which represent the accumu- 
lated deposit of tribal thought. This report would suggest 
to Africa missionaries the value and opportunity of collect- 
ing from other tribes, who have as yet had no compiler, such 
invaluable material as P. Amoury Talbot has secured from 
the Ekoi of Kamerun and Southern Nigeria. The study and 
collection of local and tribal proverbs, also, is of much impor- 
tance. They are valuable side-lights to the native mind, and 
are of special help in discourse. 

(3) Government Relations——The missionary on the field 
should acquaint himself with the government policy of the 
colony in which his mission is located. He should read the 
government literature and have appreciation of administra- 
tive problems from the viewpoint of the governing people. 


(4) Missionary Science.—A valuable study in the science 
of missions would be a thorough investigation of the area 
in which one is working, with respect to distribution of forces, 
unoccupied territory, unreached people, interdenominational 
comity, methods of work, problems of the native church, the 
past history and present policy of each mission within the 
area. This should be undertaken not in the spirit of criticism, 
but from the impartial viewpoint of a survey, for the purpose 
of ascertaining the facts. The data thus gathered will not 
only be of value in presenting the needs of Africa, but will 
enable the missionary to view the problems of his own mis- 
sion in their broader relations, and to discuss intelligently 
proposals of comity and union. In connection with this study 


29 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


it would be well to read through the Ist, 2nd, 4th and 7th 
volumes of the Edinburgh Report. 


(5) Bible Studies—The indispensability of these, of 
course, needs no argument. Suffice it to call attention to 
what all missionaries admit to be fundamental, but in which 
many confessedly fall behind. In the foreign field one gets 
out of touch with the great Bible study movements and 
methods of the home land, and, amid the strain and rush of 
every day duties, is apt to lose system and goal in one’s study 
of the Holy Book—which should become more and more the 
fountain of one’s illumination, inspiration and strength. 
Whatever may have been the range and method of Bible 
study in the past, this report ventures to suggest to those 
who are not now following any definite program, the unfail- 
ing fruitfulness of studying the Bible by books,—say a 
gospel, or an epistle each month. Let one begin, for example, 
with the Epistle to the Ephesians and go through it with the 
aid of T. Armitage Robinson’s commentary, mastering its 
suhlime contents, until the soul is lifted up into the great age- 
long purposes of God. Whatever else is omitted from the 
missionary’s program, daily, systematic, intensive Bible 
study, according to some definite plan, from which only ex- 
treme circumstances would cause him to deflect, is placed at 
the very foundation of his success and progress on the field. 


While such devotional study of the Bible itself for the re- 
freshment and ctlture of the spiritual life is of equally vital 
importance to all classes of missionaries,—to the industrial 
superintendent or the kindergartner, as well as to the Bible 
teacher or the evangelist,—the ordained missionary or theo- 
logical instructor cannot, without loss, neglect the intellect- 
ual stimulus resulting from a sustained acquaintance with 
the progress of Biblical scholarship. He can keep himself 
fairly well informed by reading a good theological quarterly, 
and a few of the select volumes each year, which present the 


30 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


results of historical Bible research and constructive interpre- 
tation. 


(6) The Production of Vernacular Christian Litera- 
ture.—In reducing scores of African languages and dialects 
to writing, in stimulating language culture through the in- 
troduction of printing, in providing vernacular text-books 
and primary literature suited to peoples just emerging from 
illiteracy, in translating and circulating the Scriptures 
through the co-operation of the Bible Societies, the mission- 
aries in Africa have been the pioneers of native Christian 
education. There are now about forty presses in Central 
Africa, and sixteen in the native centers of South Africa, 
devoted to the output of supplies for the mission churches 
and schools. In the older missions the vernacular literature 
has become quite extensive, including translations, text- 
books, magazines, and original compositions pertaining to 
the higher stages of culture. On the West Coast (e.g., 
Nigeria) there are flourishing mission book-rooms. The is- 
sues from presses like those of the Paris Société Evangélique 
at Morija, or of the United Free Church of Scotland at Love- 
dale, have not only been abundant but have reached high 
literary merit. But surveying the whole field, Christian mis- 
sions in Pagan Africa have no greater need at the present 
time than the cultivation of Christian literature in the native 
tongues. This is strongly felt in the more recently occupied 
central regions where the formation of a vernacular litera- 
ture society for Central Africa has been agitated. 


It is recommended that more and more missionaries in 
connection with their advanced language study (and, indeed, 
as both incentive and object for advanced language study) 
should undertake, according to their particular interests and 
aptitudes, definite pieces of vernacular work, either in trans- 
lation (with necessary adaptations) or in original composi- 
tion. In this the assistance of competent natives should, 
where possible, be secured; and while provisional literature 


31 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


will be necessary in some dialects destined soon to disappear, 
the chief attention should be directed to the stronger lan- 
guages which promise not only to survive but to serve large 
areas. As the Christian communities develop, there will be 
increasing need for men and women of special linguistic at- 
tainments and literary gifts to be set apart entirely for such 
literary work. 


(7) Avocations.—Thus far the disciplines suggested for 
the missionary on the field are such as would seem to bear 
quite intimate relation to mission work. But the fact must 
not be ignored that the missionary is, first of all, a human 
being with the usual limitations of strength and with more 
than usual need of recreational change of thought and work. 
This is particularly true of workers in Tropical Africa who 
are grappling with the most gigantic and difficult problems 
under the most trying conditions. This report ventures to 
repeat the exhortation that Africa missionaries shall not 
“keep the bow constantly bent.” In addition to securing 
physical relaxation and repose, it is well that one should 
have some special theme, as far as possible removed from the 
grind of the every-day tasks, to which the mind can turn at 
intervals with eagerness and delight. This escape from the 
strain and humdrum can be linked with ends not only pleas- 
urable but useful. Those of studious habits can cultivate 
through the years some out-of-the-way phase of African 
life, which may eventuate in a real contribution to the inter- 
pretation of the continent. Nature in most parts of Africa 
has secrets yet unrevealed, or only faintly apprehended. Are 
“the exquisitely luxurious experiences of the forest soli- 
tudes” only for the passing traveller? May not the mission- 
ary learn to say 


“The woods have songs for my especial ear, 
The waves a melody none else can tell, 
And in the solemn night the stars look down 
With wondrous revelations in their gaze?” 


What is suggested is some subject in which one can have 
32 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


keen, enthusiastic interest, a hobby, an avocation,—geology, 
zoology, astronomy, or any science,—some branch of litera- 
ture or period of history,—anything from current fiction 
back to “the glory that was Greece or the grandeur that was 
Rome.”’ In some cases, perhaps, the farther off from Africa 
the theme is, the better. 


D. StrupIEs For MISSIONARIES ON FURLOUGH 


The report of the Committee on the Furloughs of Mis- 
sionaries published by the Board of Missionary Preparation 
(1914) has made clear and appreciative presentation of the 
widely differing circumstances and conditions which may at- 
tend the furlough period in the home land. It recognizes 
that, in each case, account must be taken of health, time, age, 
finance, family relationships, the program of the mission 
Board, the attitude of the supporting church, as well as the 
missionary’s individual needs and his own conception as to 
how the furlough may most profitably be employed. But 
after frank statement of difficulties and objections the report 
indicates substantial agreement of missionaries in many lands 
as to “the wisdom of devoting part of the furlough to intel- 
lectual development.”’ The report also lays down the principle 
that the missionary himself, knowing his own field and his 
limitations in regard to it, should be the chief judge as to 
what and where he ought to study. With this view the pres- 
ent report respectfully concurs and will limit itself, accord- 
ingly, to brief suggestions of a general character regarding 
furlough studies for missionaries from Pagan Africa. It 
is assumed that some can attend an institution only one term 
or semester and that some by special arrangement can de- 
vote an academic year to special studies, while others will 
prefer to study privately. Those who cannot attend univer- 
sity or other lecture courses should make special arrange- 
ment for adequate library facilities. 

1. Conscious NEEDS AND PREFERENCES. The first fac- 
tor governing the choice of subjects is the missionary’s own 


33 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


knowledge of his need. If experience on the field has re- 
vealed deficiencies, or suggested special lines for advantage- 
ous improvement, he will proceed accordingly. In answer to 
the question: “If you could spend all of your next furlough 
in study, what courses would you choose in view of the pres- 
ent demands of your work?” correspondents from Natal, 
Rhodesia, Basutoland, Angola, Belgian Kongo, and German 
East Africa reply almost unanimously in favor of Bible 
courses, and instruction in medicine and hygiene. 


From fields on the Sudanese border and the East Coast, 
where there is contact with Islam, preference is expressed 
for studies of Mohammedanism, including Arabic. Physi- 
cians report that they would specialize further in tropical 
diseases, while teachers would seek the latest in educational 
science and practice. Industrial missionaries also feel the 
importance of “brushing up” in their respective lines, as 
well as adding other items to their equipment. Physicians 
would find their needs best met, perhaps, at the schools of 
tropical medicine in London, Liverpool or Brussels, although 
at Harvard University there are now excellent opportunities 
for graduate instruction and research of this sort. There are 
in America also seminaries, universities, and special institu- 
tions, in which Biblical and related courses are designed to 
meet the missionary’s needs in special preparation. Concern- 
ing these the Director of the Board of Missionary Prepara- 
tion will give information, if consulted. 


2. Vita Supjyects. Besides the professional or techni- 
cal branches (theological, pedagogical, medical and indus- 
trial), which the different classes of missionaries (so far as 
the classification exists in Africa) will naturally wish to pur- 
sue, there are subjects of vital import to all classes, and par- 
ticularly to the all round missionary in whose activities all 
classes have been blended. What is needed ordinarily is a 
general toning up in subjects of perennial and progressive 
value. The following list is submitted: Bible studies, meth- 


34 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


ods of church work, recent missionary history, the science of 
missions, recent world history, sociology, psychology in its 
applications to religion and education, recent philosophy, the 
philosophy of religion, economics, anthropology, apologetics, 
methods of language teaching, recent English literature. 
Visitation and study of some of the outstanding American 
Sunday schools, and also of such institutions as Tuskegee 
and Hampton Institute, would be helpful. 

There are courses in child welfare, child psychology, kin- 
dergarten and Montessori methods, household economics, 
basketry, and other light “arts and crafts’ work, which 
would be helpful to many women missionaries. 


3. SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE. The following from a mis- 
sionary in Mashonaland, emphasizing the increasing need for 
agricultural experts, will have its own suggestions for those 
engaged in industrial work: “I would recommend specializa- 
tion in the natural sciences. The missionary should be pre- 
pared through the study of biology, physics, chemistry, 
zoology, geology, forestry, agriculture, and botany to help 
the native to gain control of the forces of nature. He should 
be able to analyze soils and prescribe what the soil needs; 
he should be able to help the native cultivate better plants, 
trees, grains, and vegetables; he should be able to carry on 
experiments and make demonstrations as to what the native 
can do with the things at hand. Agriculturalists from 
America, unless they are able to experiment and meet the 
new conditions, are often rendered helpless by the exigencies 
arising. The scientific problems of Africa are yet to be 
solved. Superstition will be broken down more quickly 
through scientific explanations than through theological 
training.” 

By missionaries wishing to specialize in agricultural sci- 
ence at least a part of the furlough summer might be spent 
at a first class agricultural college, where both elementary 
and advanced courses in the above-named subjects are 


3 


on 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


offered, including opportunity to secure acquaintance with 
the latest and most profitable methods. 


CONCLUSION 


This report has necessarily emphasized the intellectual side 
of preparation. It has dealt in some detail with studies and 
processes calculated to develop the missionary’s natural abil- 
ities, so that his thought and energy may be the more effec- 
tively related to his tasks. But the report would not leave 
the impression of advocating anything like professionalism. 
Sufficient reference has been made to spiritual requirements 
to indicate full recognition of their priority over all mere 
technical equipment. For a fuller statement of essential re- 
ligious knowledge, spiritual endowments, and graces of 
character, both candidate and missionary are referred to the 
report on the Fundamental Qualifications of the Foreign 
Missionary by Rev. W. D. Mackenzie, D.D., President of 
the Board of Missionary Preparation for North America. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 


Heawood. Elementary Geography of Africa. London, 1895. 

World Atlas of Christian Missions, edited by J. S. Dennis, H. 
P. Beach and C. H. Fahs. Student Volunteer Movement, New 
York, 1911. 


Maps especially good. 


nD 


3. Government Maps pertaining to any colony or protectorate 
may be obtained from the colonial office of respective Euro- 
pean governments. 

Important for intensive study of any section of Africa. 

4. Mill, H. R. The International Geography. Appleton, New 

York. 


Excellent descriptive text in portions relating to Africa. Statistics 
need revision. 


5. Statesman’s Year Book. (Macmillan. Latest edition.) 


Best authority for statistics. 


36 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


I]. More ExtENvDED Description (Physical and Historical) 


1. 


III. 


rr 
. 


Ov" 


16. 


3 fe 


Keane, A. H. Africa (in Stanford’s Compendium). 2 vols. 
2d edition, 1904-1907. 

Especially Vol. II. on southern half of the continent. 
Encyclopedia Britannica (eleventh edition, 1910). Vol. I. 
Article on Africa. 

Beach, H. P. Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions. 
(Student Volunteer Movement, New York, 1901.) Chaps. 
XVII and XVIII. 


Excellent brief survey from missionary viewpoint. 


SELECT MONOGRAPHS ON IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF 
PAGAN AFRICA 


Crooks, J. J. A History of Sierra Leone. Dublin, 1903. 
Johnston, H. Liberia. 2 vols. London, 1906. 

MacDonald, G. The Gold Coast Past and Present. London, 
1898. 

Kingsley, Mary H. West African Studies. (2d Edition.) 
London, 1901. 

Mockler-Ferryman, A. F. British Nigeria. London, 1902. 
Zintgraf, Eugen. Nord-Kamerun. Berlin, 1895. 

Goffart et Morrisen. Le Congo, Géographie physique, politi- 
que et économique. Bruxelles, 1908. 

Challaye, F. Le Congo Frangais. Paris, 1909. 

Negreiros, A. Les Colonies Portuguaises (Angola and Portu- 
guese East Africa). Paris, 1907. 

Maugham, R. F. C. Portuguese East Africa. London, 1906. 
Gouldsbury, C., and Sheane, H. The Great Plateau of North- 
ern Rhodesia. London, 1911. . 
Dove, K. Deutsch Siid-West Afrika. Gotha, 1896. 

Bryce, J. Impressions of South Africa. ‘London, 1897. 
Theal, G. M. History and Ethnography of Africa South of 
the Zambesi. 3 vols. London. (Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, 
Transvaal, etc.) 

Ward, H. F., and Milligan, J. W. Handbook on British East 
Africa. London, 1912. 

Johnston, H. The Uganda Protectorate. 2 vols. London, 
1902. 

Kumm, H. K. W. The Sudan. London, 1907. 


37 


oh 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


IV. CLIMATE AND HEALTH 


Ravenstein, E. G. (1) The Climatology of Africa; (2) Cli- 
matological Observation. Part I dealing specially with Tropical 
Africa. Reports of British Association. London (1) 1892- 
1901; (2) 1904. 
Manson, Sir Patrick. Tropical Diseases. New edition. Lon- 
don, 1914. 

Standard book on the subject. Chiefly for physicians, but not too 
technical for lay readers. 
Felkin, R. W. (1) Disease in Africa; (2) Geographical Dis- 
tribution of Tropical Diseases in Africa. (1895.) 
Park, T. H. Guide to Health in Africa. London, 1898. 
Cross, D. Kerr. Health in Africa. London, 1900. 


V. LANGUAGES 
Sweet, H. The Practical Study of Languages. New York, 1899. 


Discussion of methods of language study and teaching by one of the 
foremost philologists. Deals specially with the classics and modern 
European tongues, but its suggestions are applicable to languages in 
general. Emphasizes and illustrates use and importance of phonetics. 


Rippman, W. Elements of Phonetics. London, 1910. 


Brief introduction to phonetic study with illustrative application to 
English, French and German. 


Cust, R. N. Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa. 2 
vols. London, 1893. 


An interesting conspectus despite errors in details, by a scholar and 
advocate of Africa missions. 


Johnston, H. Bantu Languages. Article in Encyclopedia 
Britannica. Eleventh edition, Vol. III, pp. 356-363. 


Brief description and up-to-date classification of the Bantu group. 
Clear presentation of fundamentals of Bantu grammar. Should be 
studied by every candidate. 

Illustrative vocabularies of Eastern and Central dialects are found 
also in other works by the same author: (1) Kilimanjaro Ex- 
pedition (1884); (2) British Central Africa (1898); (3) The Uganda 
Protectorate (1902-1904) ; (4) George Grenfell and the Congo (1908). 


Bleek, W. I. A Comparative Grammar of South African 
Languages. 2 parts. London, 1869. 


Incomplete and somewhat technical but very valuable for all the 
dialects south of the Zambesi. 


Torrend, J. A Comparative Grammar of the South African 
Bantu Languages. London and Capetown, 1894. 


Treats especially of the Central Zambesi group. A standard work 
despite some erroneous deductions. 


— Collections towards a Bibliography of the Bantu Languages 
of British East Africa. Journal of the African Society. Lon- 
don, 1907. 


38 


10. 


11. 


Wi 


13. 


14. 


1. 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Meinhof, C. (1) Grundziige einer Vergleichender Gram- 
matik der Bantusprachen. Berlin, 1906. (2) Grundriss einer 
Lautlehre der Bantusprachen. Berlin, 1910. (3) Die mod- 
erne Sprachforschung in Afrika. Berlin, 1910. (4) Die 
sprachliche Ausbildung des Missionars. Basel, 1909. 


Professor Meinhof, the leading European authority on the speech of 
East and South East Africa, is director of the Hamburg Colonial In- 
stitute. His original treatment of Bantu on phonetic principles is of 
superior value. 


Stapleton, W. H. Comparative Grammar of the Congo 
Languages. Stanley Falls, 1903. 


Presents eight principal languages spoken along the Congo from the 
West Coast to Stanley Falls—a distance of 1,300 miles; also Swahili. 
Invaluable to every prospective Congo missionary. 


Whitehead, J. Bobangi Grammar and Dictionary. London, 
1899. 


Excellent treatment of what was once the most important language 
in Central Congo, but is now on the decline. 

Nos. 9 and-10 are by English Baptist missionaries and may be ob- 
tained from The Baptist Missionary Society, 19 Furnival Street, Hol- 
born, London, E.C. 


Bentley, H. Dictionary of the Congo Language. London, 
1891. 
Spoken between the Kasai River and the West Coast. 
Madan, A. C. (1) Swahili Grammar; (2) Swahili-English 
Dictionary; (3) English-Swahili Dictionary. London. 
Lingua franca of East Africa. 
Madan, A. C. Living Speech in Central and South Africa. 
Oxford, 1911. 
Scott, D. C. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Manafija Lang- 
uage. London, 1891. 
Important language in British Central Africa. 
Smith, E. W. A Handbook of the Ila Language. London, 
1910. 
Spoken in N. W. Rhodesia. 
Schuler. Grammatik des Duala. Berlin, 1898. 


Coast language of Kamerun. ‘ 
Jacottet. Grammaire Subiya. Paris, 1902. 


Treats of Subiya and Luyi, spoken in Barotsiland. 
Chatelain, H. Grammar of Kimbundo. London. 

Language of Central Angola. 
Hetherwick, A. Introductory Handbook of the Yao Language 
London, 1900. 

Important language of Nyasaland and German East Africa. 
Westermann, D. Die Sudansprachen. Hamburg, 1911. 


Introduction to Sudanese languages. 


39 


— 
’ 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


VI. PoLitTicaL DIVISIONS 


Keltie, J. S. The Partition of Africa. London, 1895. 
Johnston, H. The Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. 
London, 1905. (Last edition.) 

Latimer, E. W. Europe in Africa in the Nineteenth Century. 
Chicago, 1903. 


PAGAN AREAS UNOCCUPIED BY PROTESTANT MISSIONS 
Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). 
Vol. I, pp. 219-227 ; 230-245. 

Zwemer, S. M. The Unoccupied Fields of Asia and Africa. 
Chapters I, II. 


PRESENT STANDARDS OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 
Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). 
Vol. 5, especially Part IV. 

Board of Missionary Preparation. Third report. New York, 

1914, 


Deals with the requirements for different classes of missionaries 
in all fields—ordained, educational, medical, women. 


ANTHROPO-GEOGRAPHY (Geography, Ethnology, 


Ethnography ) 
Ratzel, F. The History of Mankind. 3 vols. London and 
New York, 1898. Especially Vols. II and III. 
Unexcelled for general description of peoples. 
Deniker, J. The Races of Man. London and New York, 
1902. 


Chap. XI deals with classification of tribes. (See also Enc. Brit., 
Vol. I, Art. Africa.) 


Hobley, C. W. Eastern Uganda. An Ethnological Survey. 
London, 1902. (Anthropological Institute.) 
Model scientific study of a group of tribes. 
Semple, E. C. Influences of Geographic Environment. New 
York, 1911. (See index for sections relating to Africa.) 
Corrective of Ratzel’s generalizations. Very suggestive as to the 
relations between geography and culture. 


X. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY 
Junod, H. A. The Life of a South African Tribe. Vol. I. 
London, 1912. 
Authoritative and recent sociological study by a French missionary. 
Kidd, D. Kaffir Socialism. London, 1908. 


Sympathetic description of Southern Bantu community life. (See 
also Savage Childhood and The Essential! Kaffir by the same author.) 


40 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


De Préville, A. Les Sociétés Africaines. Paris, 1894. 

Studies of African social life by a French authority. 
Macdonald, D. Africana; or the Heart of Heathen Africa. 
2 vols. London, 1882. 


Social analysis of Nyasa tribes by competent observer, a Scotch 
missionary. 


Spencer, H., and Duncan D. Descriptive Sociology of African 
Races. London, 1875. 


Valuable collection of data, though one may not accept Spencer’s 
social theories. 


Routledge, W.S.and K. Witha Prehistoric People. London, 
1910. 
Treats of British East Africa. 


XI. PRIMITIVE RELIGION 


Jevons, F. B. (1) Introduction to the History of Religion. 
London, 1896. (2) Introduction to the Study of Compara- 
tive Religion. New York, 1908. (3) The Idea of God in 
Early Religions. London, 1910. 


Suggestive introductory manuals; the second delivered as lectures 
for missionaries. 


Warneck, J. The Living Christ and the Dying Heathenism. 
(Published also with title, “The Living Forces of the Gospel”). 
London and New York, 1906. 


Studies of the psychology of Battak animism by a German mission- 
ary. Has been found helpful to many African missionaries. 


Nassau, Dr. R. H. Fetishism in West Africa. New York, 
1904. 


Standard work by distinguished American missionary after forty 
years’ observation. 


Dennett, R. E. (1) At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind. | 
London, 1906. (2) Nigerian Studies. London, 1910. 

Argues the existence beside fetishism of higher conceptions of God. 
Junod, H. A. The Life of a South African Tribe. Vol. II. 
London, 1914. 


A book of unrivalled merit on the psychic life of a South African 
tribe. 


Hartland, E. S. Bantu and South Africa. Art. in Hastings’ 
Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. II. 

Comprehensive sketch of scholarly views. 
Tremearne, A. J. N. (1) The Ban of the Bori: Drums and 
Drum Dancing in West and North Africa. London, 1914. (2) 
Hausa Superstitions and Customs. London, 1900. 


41 


2 oA 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Wilder, G. A. Ndau Religion. Hartford Seminary Record, 
Hartford. 

Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). 
Vol. IV. Chap. II. 


MoHAMMEDANISM CHIEFLY IN Its RELATIONS TO 
AFRICA 


Margouliouth, D.S. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. New 
York, 1905. 
Arnold, T. W. The Preaching of Islam. London, 1913. 


Idealized presentation of Mohammedan missions. 


Zwemer, S. M. Islam, a Challenge to Faith. New York, 1907. 
Especially Chaps. III, VII, IX. 

Bonet-Maury. L’Islamisme et le Christianisme en Afrique. 
Paris, 1906. 

Chief French authority on the subject. The statistics are out of date. 
Atterbury, A. P. Islam in Africa. 

Sell, Rev. Canon. The Religious Orders of Islam. London, 
1908. 

Detailed description of religious orders at work in Africa. 
Blyden, E. W. Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. Lon- 
don, 1888. 

Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). 
Vol. IV, Chap. V. 


XIII. Stupres or SpEcIAL PEOPLES 


Ellis, A. B. The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast. 
London, 1887. 

Ellis, A. B. The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast. 
London, 1890. 

Ellis, A. B. The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast. 
London, 1894. 

Morel, E.D. Nigeria, Its Peoples and Its Problems. London,. 
1911. 

Milligan, R. H. The Fetish Folk of West Africa. New York, 
1905. 

Treats specially of the Fang, interior tribe of French Congo. 
Ellis, G. W. Negro Culture in West Africa. New York, 1914. 
Bentley, W. H. Pioneering on the Congo. 2 vols. New 
York, 1900. 

Authoritative account of Congo tribes. 


Weeks, J. H. Among the Primitive Bakongo. London, 1914. 
42 


10. 


11. 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Roscoe, J. The Baganda. London, 1900. 
The ruling people of Uganda. 
Cunningham, J. F. Uganda and Its Peoples. London, 1905. 
A general survey. 
Kitching, A. L. On the Backwaters of the Nile. London, 
1912. 
Tribes of Northern Uganda. 
Van der Burgt, J. M. Un grand Peuple de I’ Afrique Equa- 
toriale. Bois-le-Duc, 1904. 
Admirable account of the Warundi. 
Werner, A. The Native Races of British Central Africa. 
London, 1912. 


Deals chiefly with the Wa-yao and the Mangafia of the Shiré High- 
lands, Nyasaland. 


Weule, K. Native Life in East Africa. New York, 1909. 
The Yao and other tribes in German East Africa. 
Bégun, E. Les Marotsé. Etude Géographique et Ethno- 
graphique. Lausanne, 1903. 
A Rhodesian people. 
Irle, J. Die Herrero. Giitersloh, 1906. 
The people of Damaraland, S. W. Africa. 
Gibson, J. Y. The Story of the Zulus. London, 1911. 
Full history and description of an important race. 
Junod, H. Les Baronga. Neuchatel, 1898. 
Valuable monograph on one of the chief branches of the Zulus. 
Stow, G. W. Native Races of South Africa. London, 1905. 
Contains fine reproductions of native art. 


Carnegie, D. Among the Matabele. London. 


Casalis, E. Les Bassutos. Paris, 1859. English translation— 
The Basutos. London, 1861. 


Quatrefages, A. de. The Pygmies. London, 1890. 


Burrows, G. The Land of the Pygmies. London, 1899. 
Specially refers to Belgian Congo. 


TRAVEL, DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION AND COLONIZA- 
TION 
Johnston, H. The Opening Up of Africa. London and New 
York, 1914. 
Best brief recent sketch. 
Keltie, J. S. Africa and its Exploration. London, 1890. 


Excellent to its date. 
Brown, R. The Story of Africa and its Explorers. 4 vols. 
London, 1892-1895. 


43 


10. 


11. 


i Wi 


13. 


14. 


(ie 


16. 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Park, Mungo. Travels in the Interior of Africa. Edinburgh, 
1858. 

Krapf, J. L. Travels and Researches in Eastern Africa. 
London, 1860. 

Burton, R. F. The Lake Regions of Central Africa. 2 vols. 
London, 1860. 


Speke, J. H. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the 
Nile. London, 1863. 


Baker, Sir S. W. The Albert Nyanza. 2 vols. London, 1866. 


Schweinfurth, G. The Heart of Africa. 2 vols. London, 
1873. 
Bowditch, T. E. Account of the Discoveries of the Portu- 
guese in the Interior of Angola and Mozambique. London, 
1824. 
Du Chaillu, P. (1) In African Forest and Jungle. New York, 
1903. (2) Adventures in the Great Forest of Equatorial 
Africa. New York, 1899. 
Kingsley, Mary. Travels in West Africa. (French Congo, 
Corisco and Kamerun.) London, 1907. 
Livingstone, David. (1) Missionary Travels and Researches 
in South Africa. London, 1857. (2) The Zambesi and its 
Tributaries. New York. (3) Last Journals of David 
Livingstone. New York, 1875. 
Coillard, F. (1) On the Threshold of Central Africa. New 
York, 1897. (2) Sur le Haut-Zambéze. Paris, 1898. 
Stanley, H. M. (1) Congo and the Founding of its Free 
State. New York, 1885. (2) In Darkest Africa. 2 vols. New 
York. (3) Through the Dark Continent. London, 1878. 
(4) How I Found Livingstone. New York, 1902. 
Hilton-Simpson, M. W. Lands and Peoples of the Kasai. 
Chicago, 1912. 
Lucas, C. P. Historical Geography of the British Colonies. 
Vol. II] (West Africa). Vol. IV (South and East Africa). 
Herdtslet, E. The Map of Africa by Treaty. 3 vols. Lon- 
don, 1896. 
Harris, N. D. Intervention and Colonization in Africa. New 
York, 1915. 

Recent work by a student of world diplomacy. 


Petit, E. Les Colonies Frangaises. 2vols. Paris, 1902-1904. 
44 


10. 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


IV. Hutstory oF AFRICAN MISSIONS 


Naylor, W. S. Daybreak in the Dark Continent. New York, 
1905. 

Best brief account of the whole enterprise. 
Parsons, E. C. Christus Liberator. 

Excellent outline study of work in the different sections. 
Fraser, D. (1) The Future of Africa. London, 1911. (2) 
Winning a Primitive People. New York, 1914. 

(2) Missions in Nyasaland. 
Noble, F. P. The Redemption of Africa. 2 vols. New York, 
1899. 


Most complete history (to its date) of both Protestant and Catholic 
missions. 


Stewart, J. Dawn in the Dark Continent. New York, 1903. 
Du Plessis, J. History of Christian Missions in South Africa. 


‘London, 1911. 


Jack, J. W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. New York, 1900. 

Intensive account of work in one region; best discussion of methods. 
Tucker, Bishop. Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa 
2 vols. London, 1908. 


O’Rorke, B. J. African Missions: Impressions of the South, 
East and Center of the Dark Continent. New York, 1912. 
Fletcher, J. J. K. The Sign of the Cross in Madagascar. 
Edinburgh, 1901, 


XVI. BIoGRAPHIES OF PIONEER MISSIONARIES 


Krapf, J. L. Travels, Explorations and Missionary Labors 

During an Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa. 

Boston, 1860. 

Moffat, J. Robert and Mary Moffat. New York, 1900. 

Blaikie, W. G. Personal Life of David Livingstone. London 

and New York, 1880. 

Mackintosh, C. W. Coillard of the Zambesi. London, 1912. 

Rey, Mme. Une Femme Missionaire. Mme. Coillard, Paris. 

Favre, E. Francois Coillard. 3 vols. Paris, 1908-1912. 
Full authoritative biography in French. 

Hawker, G. Life of George Grenfell, Congo Missionary and 

Explorer. London, 1909. 

Hawker, G. An Englishwoman’s Twenty-five Years in Tropi- 

cal Africa. Biography of Mrs. G. E. Lewis. London, 1911. 


45 


als 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


Harford-Battersby, C. F. Pilkington of Uganda. New 
York, 1898. 

Dawson, E. C. James Hannington, First Bishop of Eastern 
Equatorial Africa. New York, 1887. 

Harrison, Mrs. J. W. Mackay of Uganda. New York, 1890. 
Mackenzie, W. D. John Mackenzie, South African Mission- 
ary and Statesman. New York, 1902. 

Tyler, J. Forty Years Among the Zulus. Boston. 
Parsons, E.C. A Life for Africa. Biography of A. C. Good. 
New York. 

— Seventeen Years in the Yoruba County. A Memorial of 
Anna Hinderer. London. 

McAllister, A. A Lone Woman in Africa. (Liberia,) New 
York. 

Johnston, J. Dr. Laws of Livingstonia. London, 1895. 
Page, J. The Black Bishop, Samuel Adjai Crowther. New 
York, 1900. , 

Wells, J. Stewart of Lovedale. London, 1909. 

Bentley, Mrs. H. M.. The Life and Labors of a Congo 
Pioneer: W. Holman Bentley. London, 1907. 

Casalis, E. My Life in Basutoland. London, 1889. 


XVII. PAGAN AFRICAN INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL 


AY 


yen 


oy Ue ie 


MISSIONS 
Schweinfurth, G. Artes Africane. 2 vols. London, 1875. 


Deals with the primitive arts, inventions and industries of Africa. 
Mason, O. T. Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture. Lon- 
don, 1894. 


For sections on Africa see index. 
White, A. S. The Development of Africa. London, 1892. 
Jack, J. W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. London, 1900. 
Stewart, J. Lovedale, South Africa. Edinburgh, 1894. 


Bleloch, W. (1) The New South Africa. London, 1902. 
(2) The South African Natives. London, 1909. 


XVIII. Fork ore 
(Model studies representing various sections.) 
Talbot, P. Amoury. In the Shadow of the Bush. London, 


1912. 


Superior collection of tales of the Ekoi and other tribes in the Oban 
district of S. Nigeria and in Kamerun 


46 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 


tv 


Weeks, J. H. Congo Life and Folklore. London, 1910. 


A vivid book by an English Baptist missionary. Especially interest- 
ing is Part Il: “Thirty-three natives stories as told round the evenin 
fires.” See also the author’s Among Congo Cannibals for Seaccal 
folklore material. (Both books refer to Belgian Congo.) 


3. Dennett, R. E. Notes on the Folklore of the Fjort. London, 
1898. 
Suggestive study of a tribe in the French Congo. 
4. Chatelain, Heli. Folk-tales of Angola. Boston, 1894. 
Authoritative for Portuguese Congo. 
5. Hewat. Bantu Folklore. London, 1905. 
A recent work dealing with Southern and Southeastern tribes. 
6. Callaway, H. Nursery Tales, Traditions and History of the 
Zulus. London, 1868. 
Fragmentary, but of the highest value. 
7. Theal, G. M. Kaffir eg London, 1882. 


Scholarly treatment. 


8. Hollis, A.C. The Masai, Their Language and Folklore. Ox- 
ford, 1905. 


Refers to British East Africa. See also the author’s The Nandi, 
EN nett Seek and Folklore (Oxford, 1909), referring to Eastern 
ganda. 


9. Dayrell, E. Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria. .London, 
1910. 

10. Camphor, A. P. Missionary Story Sketches: Folklore from 
Africa. (Liberia.) New York, 1909. 

11. Nassau, R. H. Where Animals Talk: West African Folklore 
Tales. Boston, 1912. 

12. South African Folklore Journal, published at Capetown, is in- 
dispensable for studies in this department. There is abundant 
material also in the cited works of Livingstone, Stanley, 
Schweinfurth, Johnston, Macdonald and Junod. 


XIX. GOVERNMENT RELATIONS 


(Books dealing with colonial policies and ideals and the 
attitude of governments to missions) 


BRITISH. 
1, Lugard, Lady. A Tropical Dependency. (Western Sudan.) 
London, 1905. 
2. Mockler-Ferryman, A. F. (1) Imperial Africa. Vol. I. Lon- 
don, 1898. (2) British Nigeria. London, 1902. 
3. Lugard, F.D. The Rise of Our East African Empire. 2 vols. 
London, 1893. 


47 


10. 


iM 


AZ, 


13. 


14. 
15. 


16. 


PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 
Eliot, C. The East Africa Protectorate. London, 1905. 


BELGIAN. 
Paque, E. A. Notre Colonie. (Belgian Congo). Namur, 
1910. 


Michaux, C. Pourquoi et Comment nous devons Coloniser. 
Brussels, 1910. 


Chapaux, A. Le Congo historique, diplomatique, humanitaire, 
etc. Brussels, 1894. 


GERMAN. 
Hessler. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig, 1900. 
Gareis, D. K. Deutsches Kolonialrecht. Giessen, 1902. 


Meyer, H. Das Deutsche Kolonialreich. 2 vols. Leipzig, 
1909. 


FRENCH. 


Rouget, F. L’Expansion Coloniale au Congo Frangais. Paris, 
1906. 


You, A. Madagascar; Histoire, Organisation, Colonisation. 
Paris, 1905. 


PORTUGUESE. 


Vasconcellos, E. J. de. As Colonias Portuguezas, Lisbon, 
1903. 


Couceiro, F. J. Angola. Lisbon, 1910. 


Ribeiro, A. Missions at Explorations Portugaises. Paris, 
1910. 


FOR GENERAL REFERENCE. 


Ortoz, F. van. Conventions Internationales Concernant 
l’Afrique. Brussels, 1898. 


48 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


The Second Annual Report (1912) 


Containing the reports on “Fundamental Qualifications for Missionary 
Work” and on the “Facilities for Training Missionary Candidates.” 


Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The Third Annual Report (1913) 


Rich in suggestions concerning the special training which evangelistic, 
educational, medical, and women missionaries should seek. It also contains 
a report on the use of the missionary furlough and a list of the institutions 
which offer special courses for candidates along these lines and suggests 
valuable courses of reading. 


Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The Fourth Annual Report (1914) 


Containing reports on preparation for different fields, such as China, 
India, Japan, Latin America, the Near East and Pagan Africa. It also in- 
cludes full reports of the two important Conferences on Preparation of 
Ordained Missionaries and Administrative Problems. 


Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Fifth Annual Report (1915) 


Containing reports of two important Conferences on Preparation of 
Women for Foreign Service and Preparation of Medical Missionaries, be- 
sides other reports. 

Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


CONFERENCE REPORTS. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Ordained Missionaries, held 
December, 1914, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Women for Foreign Service, 
held December, 1915, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Medical Missionaries, held 
April, 1916, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


REPRINTS OF SPECIAL REPORTS. 


How Shall the Missionary Spend His Furlough? Price 5 cents. 

The Preparation of Ordained Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Educational Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Medical Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Women for Foreign Service. Price 10 cents. 

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